Just days after the fifth anniversary of the January 6th insurrection, a notorious group with well-documented ties to insurrectionists and white nationalists is coming to Washington to infiltrate law enforcement.
The so-called Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (CSPOA) has scheduled a “Save Our Sheriffs” event in Puyallup on January 9th, featuring CSPOA founder Richard Mack and QAnon conspiracy figure and disgraced former Lieutenant General Michael Flynn. Event organizers already claim that three Washington state sheriffs are involved, and they are busy recruiting more.
“Save Our Sheriffs” Events
January 9 CSPOA events at the Experience Church include a press conference, a public rally, and a “CLOSED-DOOR CONSTITUTIONAL TRAINING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ELECTED OFFICIALS.” [capitals in original]. While not promoted in the flyer, Mack also reports that his visit will include an event on January 10.
In connection to the event, Mack and company are appealing to three issues, described in a promotional flyer as Washington State’s alleged attempt to “REMOVE SHERIFFS OR HAVE THEM ALL APPOINTED,” and the claim that “THE AG IS LITERALLY SUING SOME SHERIFFS WHO ARE TRYING TO DO THEIR JOBS GETTING CARTELS, GANGS, TERRORISTS AND DRUG DEALERS OUT OF THEIR COUNTIES.” [caps in original]
In the world outside far-right all-caps hyperbole, there are three reasons given for the CSPOA incursion into Washington.
- Washington State House Bill 1399, which was first proposed in January 2025, is currently sitting in committee.[1] Among other things, the bill would require that any law officer, including sheriffs, undergo a background investigation consisting of a “criminal history and misconduct check,” an “inquiry into affiliation with extremist organizations,” a “review of social media accounts,” and a “psychological examination.”[2]
- King County voters’ 2020 approval of a measure making the sheriff an appointed rather than elected position.[3]
- State laws barring state and local law officers from providing support to federal immigration enforcement, such as Washington State’s Keep Washington Working Act, in favor of sheriffs unilaterally deciding whether to support ICE actions.
Acting Sheriffs at CSPOA event
According to Mack, at least three Washington State Sheriffs are already involved with CSPOA’s effort, and an Iowa Sheriff will also share the stage.
Adams County Sheriff Dave Wagner
In March, the Washington State Attorney General initiated a lawsuit against the Adams County Sheriff’s Office. Under the leadership of Sheriff Dave Wagner, the lawsuit alleges,
“Adams County Sheriff’s Office has illegally held people in custody based only on their immigration status, helped federal agents question people in custody, and routinely given immigration officials confidential personal information of hundreds of Washingtonians.”[4]
As the AG’s office describes,
“In February 2025, the Adams County Sheriff’s Office retained attorneys from America First Legal, an organization founded by Stephen Miller. Miller is an aide and homeland security advisor to President Trump, who has repeatedly denigrated immigrant families and dismissed the essential role immigrants play supporting our communities and local economy. He has repeated white nationalist talking points and is responsible for shaping some of the Trump administration’s most draconian immigration policies, including the infamous family separation policy during the first Trump administration.”[5]
Richard Mack claims Sheriff Wagner will speak at the CSPOA event.[6]
Pierce County Sheriff Keith Swank
Mack also claims that Pierce County Sheriff Keith Swank has been “really working with us to bring this [the January 9 and 10 event] there.” Mack also noted Swank had previously appeared on his show.[7] For his part, Sheriff Swank deems the Keep Washington Working Act limiting law enforcement cooperation with ICE to be unconstitutional.[8]
In September, the Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission divulged that Sheriff Swank is the subject of three certification cases – two initiated by complaint and one triggered by a notice of an initial disciplinary decision from his former employer, the Seattle Police Department.
One of the cases was launched after Swank, who has a history of making negative comments about transgender people online, posted on X to ask if trans people should be banned from owning guns. In the replies, he agreed with posts calling transgender people mentally ill.[9]
A disciplinary report by his previous employer, the Seattle Police Department, found that if Swank were still with the SPD, the former Captain would have been fired for inflammatory social media comments he made in 2023 disparaging trans people and defending the Jan. 6 insurrection.[10]
Former interim Seattle Police Chief Sue Rahr concluded in the disciplinary action report that Swank’s posts to X and Facebook showed prejudice and were derogatory toward people’s gender identity, political ideology, and race.
For example, she wrote, “your reference to [a] Black teen as a ‘thug’ — which is a racially charged slur — should reasonably be construed to be prejudiced and/or comment based on race.”[11]
Like Wagner, Swank attempted to make an end run around the law. The Pierce County Prosecutor, Swank’s official attorney, advised Swank that he couldn’t enter into a deal with ICE to allow his deputies to help the Trump administration deport undocumented immigrants because his role as sheriff is constrained by state and county laws.
In an email response, Swank wrote that he’d consulted ChatGPT, and the results said he had more independence as sheriff than the prosecutor was admitting. “I have no faith in your counsel,” Swank added, telling the prosecutor she was “either incompetent” or “trying to sabotage my office.”[12]
Klickitat County Sheriff Bob Songer
Mack also described talking to Klickitat Sheriff and CSPOA Board member Bob Songer about the event. In addition to CSPOA, Songer has allied with Ammon Bundy’s paramilitary People’s Rights Network. Bundy promotes the formation of small, tight-knit militia organizations that communicate with other units and coalesce when needed.
Songer showed his stripes in 2021, during the height of the COVID-19 epidemic. Unilaterally proclaiming state policies to address the spread of the disease unconstitutional, Songer declared that he would arrest any government official enforcing them. Songer had previously compared state contract tracers to Adolph Hitler.[13]
Winneshiek County, Iowa, Sheriff Dan Marx
Mack also announced during his Posse Intel Webinar that Sheriff Dan Marx of Winneshiek County, Iowa, will speak at the event.[14] In March, the Iowa Attorney General’s office sued Sheriff Marx after he made statements indicating he would not aid ICE actions in the state where “Sanctuary counties are illegal.” The lawsuit was dropped in July when the AG’s office announced that Marx was complying with Iowa’s sanctuary county law.[15]
While this may seem incongruous, Mack, who is a staunch opponent of democracy, made clear that behind the invite lies CSPOA’s long-standing view that sheriffs should be able to decide which laws they deem constitutional and enforce or not enforce them accordingly. In this context, Mack stated,
“It’s up to the sheriff and people he works for whether he helps with deportation or not. Now, do we believe everybody should be helping with deportation? Absolutely. Citizens, chiefs of police, sheriffs, everyone should be helping.”[16]
This bogus idea of sheriffs’ power has long been at the core of Mack’s legal “theories,” as it was for the deeply racist and antisemitic Posse Comitatus of the 1970s and 1980s. Like the Posse Comitatus before it, CSPOA also has well-documented ties to racism, antisemitism, and paramilitarism.
As IREHR has extensively documented previously, CSPOA has a lengthy history of attracting some of the worst law enforcement officers in the country, including those convicted of corruption charges, election intimidation, criminal contempt, and more.
CSPOA’s “Police Chief of the Decade” award winner, former Republic, Washington Police Chief Loren Culp, was issued a “notice of…proposed expulsion” from the Washington Association of Sheriffs & Police Chiefs over “numerous offensive public social media posts and comments” deemed to be “unbecoming of a WASPC member.”[17]
The deeply misogynistic posts included responding to State Representative Jacquelin Maycumber’s announced plan to run for Congress by calling her a “back stabbing (insert female dog)” and writing of State Representative Travis Couture, who had criticized these comments, that “There aren’t just female bitches, Travis S. Couture is also a bitch.”[18]
Hired by Sheriff Bob Songer to run jails in the county, Culp gained public scrutiny again when 24-year-old Ivan Howtopat died by suicide while going through fentanyl withdrawal while in custody – and after his family members had told sheriff’s deputies that he needed to be closely watched.[19]
CSPOA and ICE
While CSPOA has primarily focused on demands that sheriffs don’t need to obey state laws, Richard Mack has recently been pressing for sheriffs to join ICE’s assaults on immigrant communities.
In videos posted by CSPOA in June, Mack declared that “every sanctuary city should be investigated,” continuing, “should sheriffs be involved in helping with deportations? My humble opinion is absolutely yes. Okay. The criminal element that infiltrated America during the last four years because of Biden and Harris and Alejandro Majorcas, and many other senators and…members of Congress…They’ve done it, they did this. And they should be all investigated, and with ample evidence, arrested.”
In a video defending the Trump regime’s deployment of national guard troops in U.S. cities, Mack stated, “We have told all the sheriffs that they should be helping with deportation, and many of them are, especially Florida. Florida’s doing a great job.” [20]
Elsewhere, Mack suggested he was coordinating with the White House Border Czar. Mack encouraged citizens to “contact your sheriff and ask them if they are participating in helping Tom Homan…If you want me to get any of your sheriff’s information to Tom Homan, we’ll be happy to help with that. So contact your sheriff and see if he’s trying to get them turned over to ICE. I will personally get Tom Homan on the job on that.”[21]
Other “Save Our Sheriff” Speakers
Also on the bill for the Puyallup CSPOA event are a national QAnon figure and local elected officials.
A flyer released by CSPOA on December 25 indicates that Michael Flynn will appear as a special guest.[22] The retired Army lieutenant general and short-lived national security advisor in the first Trump administration is perhaps best known for twice pleading guilty to lying to Congress about his contacts with Russia’s ambassador—and later being pardoned by Donald Trump.[23]
Flynn is also a Christian nationalist who has flirted with QAnon conspiracy theories and declared that, “We are already principally a Christian nation. That is what is under attack in America… All of this is changing in front of our eyes. The incompatibility and competition of and between certain political ideologies with our constitutional republic is where we are headed. And for those that say there is a clear line between ‘church and state’ don’t understand the historic foundations of our U.S. constitution [sic].”[24] His near constant touring of the country in recent years nurtured a national network of far-right activists loyal to Flynn’s brand of conspiracism.
Flynn promoted Stop the Steal events preceding the January 6th insurrection and appeared to endorse martial law as a means to address the Trump loss. He denied that his statements endorsed martial law.[25] According to several Trump advisors, Flynn participated in a December 18, 2020, meeting at which he and others encouraged Trump to take dramatic steps to remain in power after Joe Biden’s victory. Flynn pleaded the 5th Amendment in testimony before the House select committee investigating the insurrection.[26]
For his part, Richard Mack used a recent episode of his Posse Webinar to praise Donald Trump for pardoning the January 6 insurrectionists, taking time to specifically defend Oath Keepers leader Stuart Rhodes, who was convicted of seditious conspiracy.[27]
Mack claims that two Pierce County Council members will speak at the event and “have been on our committee.”[28] Pierce County Council member Amy Cruver is a former assistant to State Senator Jim McCune, also serving in that capacity when McCune was previously elected to the County Council, according to her official biography.[29]
Jim McCune is listed on a CSPOA flyer as endorsing the Mack event.
“Save Our Sheriff” Sponsors
In its promotional flyers, CSPOA announced several sponsors of the event:
- American Police Officers Alliance (APOA) is a 527 non-profit based in Arlington, Virginia, that currently lists Richard Mack as its sole advisory board member. The group asserts that CSPOA and Mack’s “‘County Sheriff Project’ movement…reaffirm what they claim is the constitutional power to refuse to enforce unjust and unconstitutional laws.”[30]
- Various local chapters of the far-right conspiracy-mongering John Birch Society.
- MACPAC (Moral Accountability PAC), a Graham, Washington-based organization that vets and endorses candidates to ensure that they meet the “moral and ethical principles of our founding documents.”[31] Among others, the group has endorsed Matt Marshall, MPAS, PA-C of Eatonville, and State Senator Jim McCune of Graham (2nd District).[32] Marshall is a Washington State Representative (2nd District) and a former leader of the Washington Three Percenters, an organization that allied its cause with the Proud Boys.[33]
- Loving Liberty, a Utah-based non-profit that plays host to CSPOA CEO/National Operations Director Sam Bushman’s Liberty Roundtable show. Bushman has his own ties to white nationalist secessionists, the virulently racist and antisemitic Christian Identity pseudo-theology, and the Hitler-loving host of the AFP [American Free Press] Report.
- Freedom Law School, a Florida-based organization that promotes schemes for individuals and businesses to avoid paying federal income and other taxes.[34] The Freedom Law School has participated in past events with Richard Mack, antisemite Stew Peters, far-right conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, anti-vaxxer Del Bigtree, and Alex Newman of the John Birch Society’s The New American, among others.[35]
The hastily planned event may be a sign of CSPOA’s growing desperation under the current regime. On a recent Posse webinar, Mack bemoaned CSPOA’s financial woes, including the loss of two of their biggest donors, including a billionaire who had been supporting CSPOA for a couple of years and flying them around the state of Texas in his private jet.[36] A Washington State donor had also initially offered $7,000 for the event but ultimately donated only $50.[37]
Lately, the organization has resorted to hawking precious metals, pain relief patches, and a $760 “Official CSPOA Leather Wallet with Badge – In the Spirit of 1776!”[38] From Mack’s recent webinar musings, it sounds like his time on the board of the COVID Denial group, America’s Frontline Doctors, (and the accompanying $20,000-a-month salary) may be coming to an end soon, as well.[39]
It should go without saying that no one involved with CSPOA should be in any law enforcement position. Only concerted action by community members and political leaders will ensure that this is the case.
NOTES
[1] Washington State Legislature. “HB 1399 – 2025-26.” https://app.leg.wa.gov/BillSummary/?BillNumber=1399&Year=2025&Initiative=false. Accessed January 1, 2026.
[2] Washington State House of Representatives. Office of Program Research. “Bill Analysis. Community Safety Committee. HB 1399.” https://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2025-26/Pdf/Bill%20Reports/House/1399%20HBA%20CS%2025.pdf?q=20260102133949
[3] Moorer, Brit. “King County sheriff to be appointed not elected under approved measure.” King5. November 4, 2020. https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/two-leading-ballot-measures-look-to-restructure-king-county-sheriffs-office/281-14163f83-47a6-44a9-b8dc-57e24c3dc368; BallotPedia. “King County, Washington, Charter Amendment 5, Return Sheriff to an Appointed Position Measure (2020).” https://ballotpedia.org/King_County,_Washington,_Charter_Amendment_5,_Return_Sheriff_to_an_Appointed_Position_Measure_(2020).
[4] Washington State. Office of the Attorney General. “Washington state sues Adams County to stop illegal federal immigration enforcement.” Office of the Attorney General website. March 10, 2025. https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/washington-state-sues-adams-county-stop-illegal-federal-immigration-enforcement.
[5] Washington State. Office of the Attorney General. “Washington state sues Adams County to stop illegal federal immigration enforcement.” Office of the Attorney General website. March 10, 2025. https://www.atg.wa.gov/news/news-releases/washington-state-sues-adams-county-stop-illegal-federal-immigration-enforcement.
[6] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/
[7] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/; Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-17-25.” December 18, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-17-25/; Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-10-25.” December 11, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-10-25/.
[8] Most, Becca. “Pierce County Sheriff wants to work with ICE. WA law says he can’t. Here’s why.” The News Tribune. June 10, 2025. https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article307822935.html.
[9] Talbot, Peter. “Pierce County Sheriff Swank downplays investigation over his inflammatory posts.” The News Tribune. September 9, 2025. https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article312040158.html.
[10] Carter, Mike. “Pierce County sheriff would have been fired from SPD had he stayed, report says.” Seattle Times. January 31, 2025. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/law-justice/pierce-county-sheriff-would-have-been-fired-from-spd-had-he-stayed-report-says/.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Brunner, Jim. “Pierce County sheriff’s effort to partner with ICE sets up conflict.” Seattle Times. July 7, 2025. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/pierce-county-sheriff-keith-swank-effort-to-partner-with-ice-sets-up-conflict-with-local-state-officials/.
[13] Tanner, Chuck. “Klickitat County Sheriff Aligns with Far-Right Groups.” Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights. June 28, 2021. https://irehr.org/2021/06/28/klickitat-county-sheriff-aligns-with-far-right-groups/
[14] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/.
[15] Fingerhut, Hannah. “Iowa attorney general to end lawsuit against a sheriff over his immigration post.” Associated Press. July 18, 2025. https://apnews.com/article/iowa-sheriff-immigration-post-lawsuit-ec63124c67d867285925f62c751c9fec.
[16] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/
[17] Tanner, Chuck. “Klickitat County Sheriff Aligns with Far-Right Groups.” Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights. June 28, 2021. https://irehr.org/2021/06/28/klickitat-county-sheriff-aligns-with-far-right-groups/.
[18] Burghart, Devin. “IREHR’s Letter to Florida Sheriffs.” Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights. September 4, 2025. https://irehr.org/2024/09/04/irehrs-letter-to-florida-sheriffs/; Washington Association of Sheriffs & Police Chiefs. Letter to Loren Culp. April 3, 2024.
[19] Radil, Amy. “Deaths at rural Washington jails highlight perilous conditions: ‘Failures at almost every level,’ critics say.” KUOW. April 15, 2024. https://www.kuow.org/stories/klickitat-county-debates-jail-closure-as-critics-call-for-overhaul.
[20] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “Constitutional Sheriffs: The Last Line of Defense for Your Community | Sheriff Mack.” CSPOA website. September 8, 2025. https://cspoa.org/constitutional-sheriffs-the-last-line-of-defense-for-your-community/.
[21] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Short Videos – We’re in Real Trouble and Can’t Take 50, 60 or 100 Yrs to Resolve!” CSPOA website. June 5, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-short-videos-rogue-nation/.
[22] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “Save Our Sheriffs Rally! WA State 1-9-26 – Gen Flynn Guest Speaker. December 25, 2025.” CSPOA website. https://cspoa.org/save-our-sheriffs-rally-wa-state-1-9-26-gen-flynn-guest-speaker/.
[23] Gregorian, Dareh. “Trump pardons Michael Flynn, who twice pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI.” NBC News. November 25, 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-pardons-michael-flynn-who-twice-pleaded-guilty-lying-fbi-n1249031; Lucas, Ryan. “Trump Pardons Michael Flynn, Who Pleaded Guilty To Lying About Russia Contact.” NPR. November 25, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/11/25/823893821/trump-pardons-michael-flynn-who-pleaded-guilty-to-lying-about-russia-contact.
[24] General Flynn. General Flynn website. https://www.generalflynn.com/. Accessed January 2, 2026; General Flynn. Telegram. November 3, 2025. https://t.me/RealGenFlynn/5137; General Flynn. Telegram. July 4, 2021. https://t.me/RealGenFlynn/288; Robins-Early, Nick. “Michael Flynn’s Wild Ride Into The Heart Of QAnon.” Huffpost. February 21, 2021. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/michael-flynn-qanon-trump-capitol-riot_n_6026e076c5b680717ee79b5c; Florida Politics. “Florida Supreme Court nixes Michael Flynn’s defamation claims against Rick Wilson.” Florida Politics website. April 3, 2025. https://floridapolitics.com/archives/730284-florida-supreme-court-nixes-michael-flynns-defamation-claims-against-rick-wilson/; Fahrenthold, David and Alexandra Berzon. “Michael Flynn Has Turned His Trump-World Celebrity Into a Family Business.” New York Times. June 23, 2204. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/23/us/politics/donald-trump-michael-flynn-qanon.html.
[25] Reyner, Solange. “Michael Flynn to Newsmax TV: Trump Has Options to Secure Integrity of 2020 Election.” Newsmax. December 17 2020. https://www.newsmax.com/politics/trump-election-flynn-martiallaw/2020/12/17/id/1002139/; Settles, Gabrielle. “In Context: What Michael Flynn said about Myanmar.” Politifact. June 3, 2021. https://api.politifact.com/article/2021/jun/03/context-what-michael-flynn-said-about-myanmar/; Arkin, William. “Donald Trump Should Declare Martial Law, Michael Flynn Retweeted from His Now-Banned Account.” Newsweek. December 2, 2021. https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-should-declare-martial-law-michael-flynn-retweeted-his-now-banned-account-1654226; Steakin, Will, Mosk, Matthew, Meek, James Gordon and Ali Dukakis. “Longtime Trump advisers connected to groups behind rally that led to Capitol attack.” ABC News. January 15, 2021. https://abcnews.go.com/US/longtime-trump-advisers-connected-groups-rally-led-capitol/story?id=75261028
[26] Costa, Robert. “Exclusive: Flynn deposition reveals questions about pressure on U.S. intelligence ahead of Jan. 6.” CBS News. December 19, 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michael-flynn-jan-6-deposition-audio-files-pressure-on-us-intelligence/
[27] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-17-25.” December 18, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-17-25/.
[28] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-10-25.” December 11, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-10-25/
[29] Pierce County Council. Amy Cruver. Pierce County Government Website. https://www.piercecountywa.gov/1382/Amy-Cruver-District-3. Accessed January 2, 2026.
[30] American Police Offers Alliance. “Advisory Committee.” APOA website. https://americanpoliceofficersalliance.com/recruiting-advisory-committee/. Accessed January 2, 2026.
[31] MACPAC of WA. “How Moral Accountability PAC Works.” MACPAC website. Accessed January 2, 2026.https://www.macpacofwa.com/blank.
[32] MACPAC of WA. “Endorsements.” MACPAC website. Accessed January 2, 2026. https://www.macpacofwa.com/.
[33] Healthgrades. Matthew Marshall, MPAS. https://www.healthgrades.com/providers/matthew-marshall-a4usz; Washington State Legislature. Representative Matt Marshall. https://leg.wa.gov/legislators/member/matt-marshall; Rep. Matt Marshall. 2nd District. Accessed January 2, 2026. https://mattmarshall.houserepublicans.wa.gov/.
[34] Freedom Law School. Restore Freedom Plan. https://www.freedomlawschool.org/step-6; Freedom Law School. Employer Freedom Plan. https://www.freedomlawschool.org/employer-freedom-plan; Freedom Law School. Contact Us. https://www.freedomlawschool.org/contact-us. Accessed January 2, 2026.
[35] Freedom Law School. Events. https://www.freedomlawschool.org/events. Accessed January 2, 2026; Kyle Mantyla. People for the American Way. “Stew Peters Rails Against The Media For Interviewing ‘A Bunch Of Kikes’ About His Antisemitism.” Right Wing Watch. https://www.peoplefor.org/rightwingwatch/stew-peters-rails-against-media-interviewing-bunch-kikes-about-his-antisemitism.
[36] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/
[37] Ibid.
[38] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “Official CSPOA Leather Wallet With Badge.” CSPOA website. https://cspoa.org/product/official-cspoa-leather-wallet-with-badge/. Accessed January 3, 2026.
[39] Constitutional Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association. “CSPOA Posse Intel Webinar 12-03-25.” CSPOA website. December 3, 2025. https://cspoa.org/cspoa-posse-intel-webinar-12-03-25/.
