NOTES
1. See David Bennett, The Party of Fear: From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History, (The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC), 1988; Leonard Zeskind, Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream, (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York), 2009.
2. Jean Stefancic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changed America’s Social Agenda, (Temple University Press, Philadelphia), 1996.
3. Estimates of support levels based on member/donor figures and finances for Federation for American Immigration Reform, FAIR Congressional Task Force, Immigration Reform Law Institute, NumbersUSA Research & Education Foundation, NumbersUSA Action, Americans for Better Immigration, US Inc., Center for Immigration Studies, Americans for Immigration Control, American Immigration Control Foundation, Americans for Immigration Control Nonprofit Corporation, American Border Patrol, California Coalition for Immigration Reform, Californians for Population Stabilization, the Minuteman Project, and the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps. Local group total from research compiled by Devin Burghart.
4. Response Unlimited, “Federation for American Immigration Reform Active Donors,” Response Unlimited website, Accessed May20, 2008 ; NextMark, Inc., “Federation for American Immigration Reform Mailing List,” NextMark Mailing List Finder Website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://lists.nextmark.com/market?page=order/online/datacard&id=198599.
5. Response Unlimited, “Americans for Immigration Control ” Response Unlimited website, Accessed May20, 2008 http://www.responseunlimited.com/datacard.lasso?list=2511; Response Unlimited, “Americans for Immigration Control ” Response Unlimited website, Accessed December 31, 2011, http://www.responseunlimited.com/lists/detail/americans_for_immigration_control.
6. Response Unlimited, “Minuteman Civil Defense Corps Active Donors ” Response Unlimited website, Accessed May20, 2008 http://www.responseunlimited.com/datacard.lasso?list=3078; Response Unlimited, “Americans for Immigration Control ” Response Unlimited website, Accessed December 31, 2011, http://www.responseunlimited.com/datacard.lasso?list=3078.
7. Federation for American Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2008; FAIR Congressional Task Force, IRS Form 990, 2008; Immigration Reform Law Institute, IRS Form 990, 2008; NumbersUSA Research & Education Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2008; NumbersUSA Action, IRS Form 990, 2008; Americans for Better Immigration, IRS Form 990, 2008; US Inc., IRS Form 990, 2008; Center for Immigration Studies, IRS Form 990, 2008; Americans for Immigration Control, IRS Form 990, 2008; American Immigration Control Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2008; Americans for Immigration Control Nonprofit Corporation, IRS Form 990, 2008; American Border Patrol, IRS Form 990, 2008; California Coalition for Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2008; Californians for Population Stabilization, IRS Form 990, 2008; the Minuteman Project, IRS Form 990, 2008; Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, IRS Form 990, 2008.
8. Federation for American Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2009; FAIR Congressional Task Force, IRS Form 990, 2009; Immigration Reform Law Institute, IRS Form 990, 2009; NumbersUSA Research & Education Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2009; NumbersUSA Action, IRS Form 990, 2009; Americans for Better Immigration, IRS Form 990, 2009; US Inc., IRS Form 990, 2009; Center for Immigration Studies, IRS Form 990, 2009; Americans for Immigration Control, IRS Form 990, 2009; American Immigration Control Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2009; Americans for Immigration Control Nonprofit Corporation, IRS Form 990, 2009; American Border Patrol, IRS Form 990, 2009; California Coalition for Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2009; Californians for Population Stabilization, IRS Form 990, 2009; the Minuteman Project, IRS Form 990, 2009; Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, IRS Form 990, 2009.
9. Federation for American Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2010; FAIR Congressional Task Force, IRS Form 990, 2010; Immigration Reform Law Institute, IRS Form 990, 2010; NumbersUSA Research & Education Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2010; NumbersUSA Action, IRS Form 990, 2010; Americans for Better Immigration, IRS Form 990, 2010; US Inc., IRS Form 990, 2010; Americans for Immigration Control, IRS Form 990, 2010; American Immigration Control Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2010; Americans for Immigration Control Nonprofit Corporation, IRS Form 990, 2010; California Coalition for Immigration Reform, IRS Form 990, 2010; Californians for Population Stabilization, IRS Form 990, 2010; the Minuteman Project, IRS Form 990, 2010.
10. 2008 – ALIPAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, filed December 7, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011,http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/923/29935541923/29935541923.pdf#navpanes=0; US Immigration Reform PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, filed January 28, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/157/29990841157/29990841157.pdf#navpanes=0; Minuteman PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, filed January 16, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/838/29990065838/29990065838.pdf#navpanes=0; Declaration Alliance Minuteman Civil Defense Corps PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, filed March 11, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/003/29991725003/29991725003.pdf#navpanes=0; Team America PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, filed January 31, 2009 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/848/29990947848/29990947848.pdf#navpanes=0.
2009 – ALIPAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed June 24, 2010 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/598/10990813598/10990813598.pdf#navpanes=0; US Immigration Reform PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed January 13, 2010, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/245/10990037245/10990037245.pdf#navpanes=0; Minuteman PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed march 16, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/154/11990304154/11990304154.pdf#navpanes=0; Minuteman Victory PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed April 21, 2010, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/212/10990625212/10990625212.pdf#navpanes=0; Declaration Alliance Minuteman Civil Defense Corps PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed January 18, 2010 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011; http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/211/10930046211/10930046211.pdf#navpanes=0; Team America PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, filed January27, 2010 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/158/10930179158/10930179158.pdf#navpanes=0.
11. ALIPAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed January 31, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/991/11990186991/11990186991.pdf#navpanes=0; US Immigration Reform PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed January 28 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/948/11990106948/11990106948.pdf#navpanes=0; Minuteman PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed March 16, 2011 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/588/11990304588/11990304588.pdf#navpanes=0; Minuteman Victory PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed January 24, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/219/11930127219/11930127219.pdf#navpanes=0; Declaration Alliance Minuteman Civil Defense Corps PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed January 9. 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/406/11930052406/11930052406.pdf#navpanes=0; Team America PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, filed January 31, 2011 , Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/562/11930288562/11930288562.pdf#navpanes=0.
12. Minuteman PAC, Inc., Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, October Quarterly Report, filed October 20, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/611/11971553611/11971553611.pdf#navpanes=0.
13. Minuteman PAC email claimed group was joining Sheriff Arpiao’s birther “cold case posse.” According to the email, “With possibly three sheriffs representing three very different parts of the nation conducting independent investigations into the likely forgery of Obama’s birth certificate, we will finally have our answers. And Sheriff Joe’s investigation won’t cost taxpayers a dime.” Minuteman PAC email, “Sheriff Joe Forms “Cold Case Posse,” Septmber 23, 2011, http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=0c63abc741fff5c4813d80e0a&id=3625dbb1bd: “Third Jihad Watch,” Minuteman Pac website, accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.minutemanpac.com/inner.asp?z=71.
14. Declaration Alliance Minuteman Civil Defense Corps PAC, Inc., Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, October Quarterly Report, filed October 06, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/767/11971553767/11971553767.pdf#navpanes=0.
15. Minuteman Victory PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Mid-Year Report, filed July 13, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/567/11931810567/11931810567.pdf#navpanes=0. The report also notes that only Minuteman Victory PAC expenses for the year were to pay Steve Eichler, the Minuteman Project and 1776 Tea Party executive director, a $500 consulting fee, and to pay a hotel bill at the CPAC convention.
16. Americans for Legal Immigration PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Mid-Year Report, filed August 10, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/242/11932163242/11932163242.pdf#navpanes=0.
17. Southern Poverty Law Center, “’Nativist Extremist’ Groups 2010,” Intelligence Report, Spring 2011, Issue Number 141, accessed at http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2011/spring/the-year-in-nativism/nativist-extremists.
18. Brady McCombs, “Border watch group draws to a close,” Arizona Daily Star, March 25, 2010, http://azstarnet.com/news/local/border/article_3b5411bd-ffe6-5d3c-98c8-951ec0fc40c4.html
19. See Zeskind, Blood and Politics.
20. Jim Gilchrist, “Jim Gilchrist to Minutemen. I’m not afraid of the Illegal Aliens that sneak across our borders at night – they don’t scare me,” Minuteman Project website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.minutemanproject.com/article.php?id=146.
21. Gaiutra Bahadur, “Nativist Militias Get a Tea Party Makeover,” The Nation, October 28, 2010, http://www.theinvestigativefund.org/investigations/immigrationandlabor/1420/nativist_militias_get_a_tea-party_makeover?page=entire.
22. Data compiled from the FIRE Coalition “Nationwide Events Calendar,” available at http://www.firecoalition.com/events/index.asp last accessed on December 11, 2011. The event list has been administrated and maintained by FIRE coalition staff.
23. “2011 Immigration-Related Laws and Resolutions in the States (Jan. 1-Dec 7, 2011),” National Conference of State Legislatures website, December 7, 2011, http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?TabId=23960.
24. See, for instance, Leonard Zeskind, “The New Nativism: The Alarming Overlap Between White Nationalists and Mainstream Anti-Immigrant Forces,” The American Prospect, October 23, 2005, http://prospect.org/article/new-nativism; Southern Poverty Law Center, “The Puppeteer,” Intelligence Report, Summer 2002, Issue 106, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2002/summer/the-puppeteer; Devin Burghart, unnamed,
Divide and Conquer: A Profile of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), Building Democracy Initiative, January 2002.
25. John Tanton, Letter to Alan Weeden, March 3, 1997. John Tanton Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
26. Tea Party Patriots, Tea Party Patriots, Inc. Statement of Cash Receipts, Cash Disbursements, and Cash and Cash Equivalents, with Independent Auditors Report, May 31, 2010.
27. Colorado Secretary of State, “Summary Page: Tea Party Patriots Foundation, Inc.”, Colorado Secretary of State website, http://www.sos.state.co.us/ccsa/ViewSummary.do?ceId=82336.
28. FreedomWorks Inc, IRS Form 990, 2008; FreedomWorks Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2008.
29. FreedomWorks Inc, IRS Form 990, 2009; FreedomWorks Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2009.
30. FreedomWorks Inc, IRS Form 990, 2010; FreedomWorks Foundation, IRS Form 990, 2010.
31. FreedomWorks Inc. PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2008, Filed January 29, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/123/29039994123/29039994123.pdf#navpanes=0; FreedomWorks Inc. PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2009, Filed February 1, 2010, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/591/10030240591/10030240591.pdf#navpanes=0.
32. FreedomWorks Inc. PAC, Federal Elections Commission Form 3X, Year End Report 2010, Filed May 18, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/292/11931474292/11931474292.pdf#navpanes=0.
33. Our Country Deserves Better PAC– TeaPartyExpress.org, Year End Report 2008, Filed May 18, 2009, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/281/29992116281/29992116281.pdf#navpanes=0.
34. Our Country Deserves Better PAC– TeaPartyExpress.org, Year End Report 2009, Filed January 29, 2010, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/088/10930237088/10930237088.pdf#navpanes=0.
35. Our Country Deserves Better PAC– TeaPartyExpress.org, Year End Report 2010, Filed January 31, 2011, Federal Election Commission website, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://images.nictusa.com/pdf/097/11930291097/11930291097.pdf#navpanes=0.
36. Sheriff Arpiao has come under intense scrutiny for his actions. Reports indicate that his office botched the investigations of more than 400 sex crimes in their jurisdiction. Arpaio also remains the target of a criminal investigation by the FBI, examining whether he used his law enforcement powers to settle political scores. And on Dec. 15, the Justice Department accused the sheriff of running an agency that routinely violates the constitutional rights of Latinos.
37. Tea Party Patriots, American Policy Virtual Summit Live Stream, Accessed at http://www.summit11.org/virtual_summit, February 25-27, 2011.
38. Devin Burghart, “Tea Party Nation and the National Origins Act,” Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights website, July 7, 2011, https://irehr.org/issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/tea-party-news-and-analysis/item/311-tea-party-nation-and-the-national-origins-act : Devin Burghart, “Tea Party Nation Warns of White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ‘Extinction’,” Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights website, March 29, 2011, https://irehr.org/issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/tea-party-news-and-analysis/item/295-tea-party-nation-warns-of-white-anglo-saxon-protestant-%E2%80%9Cextinction%E2%80%9D; Devin Burghart, “Tea Party Leaders Attack Constitution,” Tea Party Nationalism website, November 28, 2010, https://irehr.org/issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/tea-party-news-and-analysis/item/351-tea-party-leaders-attack-constitution.
39. Devin Burghart and Leonard Zeskind, “Who is an American: Tea Parties, Nativism and the Birthers,” Tea Party Nationalism: A Critical Examination of the Tea Party Movement and the Size, Scope and Focus of Its National Factions, Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights, October 2011, 72.
40. FreedomWorks had a similar problem with the John Birch Society. See, Devin Burghart and Leonard Zeskind, “Special Report: FreedomWorks and the John Birch Society Problem,” Institute for Research and Education on Human Rights website, June 20, 2011, https://irehr.org/issue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/tea-party-news-and-analysis/item/299-special-report-freedomworks-and-the-john-birch-society-problem.
41. Faye Ellis, “Far from Perfect Union: the Tea Party and the Anti-Immigrant Movement,” Imagine 2050 website, May 9, 2011, http://imagine2050.newcomm.org/2011/05/09/far-from-perfect-union-the-tea-party-and-the-anti-immigrant-movement/.
42. Prof. Christopher Parker, principal investigator, “2011 Multi-state survey on Race and Politics,” University of Washington Institute for the Study of Ethnicity, Race & Sexuality, March 2011.
43. Ibid.
44.Ibid.
45. Scott Clement and John C. Green, “The Tea Party, Religion and Social Issues,” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life February 23, 2011, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1903/tea-party-movement-religion-social-issues-conservative-christian.
46. Six of the nine team leaders of the Patriot Coalition also became active in the Tea Party, Evert Evertsen, Bob Bowser, Jeff Lewis, Ron Bass, Ray Bostard, and Jeremy Doucet.
47. ALIPAC, “Immigration Enforcement Coalition Supports Tax Day Tea Party Events,” Press Release, April 13, 2009, http://www.mmdnewswire.com/immigration-enforcement-4903.html: The coalition included ALIPAC, Save Our State, Voice of the People USA (Hazleton, PA), 9/11 Families for a Secure America, San Diego Minutemen, NC Listen, NC Voice, Indiana Federation For Immigration Reform & Enforcement, Minnesotans Seeking Immigration Reform, Nevada Action Coalition, and two dozen other local groups.. Keep It American, Mothers Against Illegal ALIENS, Taxpayer Revolution, Central Coast MCDC Chapter, Antelope Valley Independent Minutemen, California Coalition for Immigration Reform, Report and Deport, Stop SPP Group, Ohio Jobs & Justice PAC, Stop Taxing Us, The Wake Up America, Americans Have Had Enough Coalition, Oregonians for Immigration Reform, Texans for Immigration Reform, Inc., and Central Texans for Secure Borders. “http://www.alipac.us/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4130
48. Ibid.
49. NumbersUSA even helped advertise the ALIPAC events. See, NumbersUSA, “Tea Parties Against Amnesty Nationwide November 14,” ALIPAC website, October 28, 2009, http://www.alipac.us/f11/tea-parties-against-amnesty-nationwide-november-14-a-166684/.
50. Brian Tashman, “Gheen Suggests Violence May Be Needed To Stop Obama’s War On ‘White America’”, People for the American Way Right Wing Watch website, August 22, 2011, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/gheen-violence-may-be-needed-stop-obamas-war-white-america.
51. Gaiutra Bahadur, “Nativist Militias Get a Tea Party Makeover,” The Nation, October 28, 2010, http://www.theinvestigativefund.org/investigations/immigrationandlabor/1420/nativist_militias_get_a_tea-party_makeover?page=entire.
52. “Jim Gilchrist’s profile page,” 1776 Tea Party social networking site, created December 13, 2010, http://teapartyorg.ning.com/profile/JimGilchrist?xg_source=profiles_memberList.
53. Minuteman PAC email, “Sheriff Joe Forms “Cold Case Posse,” Septmber 23, 2011, http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=0c63abc741fff5c4813d80e0a&id=3625dbb1bd: “Third Jihad Watch,” Minuteman Pac website, accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.minutemanpac.com/inner.asp?z=71.
54. Since 1994, Glenn Spencer has engaged in the politics of racist innuendo and anti-Mexican conspiracy mongering. He’s stated that, “The Mexican culture is based on deceit. Chicanos and Mexicanos lie as a means of survival. Mexicans who have truly become Americans have shed themselves of this survival mechanism.” He specializes in elaborate perorations against Mexico, immigrants from Mexico and Mexican-Americans, alleging that there is an organized plot on the part of the authorities of that country to re-conquer the Southwestern United States, what he calls the “Reconquista” plot. According to Spencer, there is a conspiracy between the Mexican government and Mexican-American activists and academics to infiltrate the U.S. with a “fifth column” of subversives and street fighters (read immigrants of Mexican descent) who will riot at the outset of a new Mexican-American war.
Like other white nationalist leaning anti-immigrant activists, Spencer spoke at the 2002 conference of the white nationalist outfit, American Renaissance, where his comments were warmly welcomed by the audience of white nationalists and neo-Nazis. Spencer told the assembled that sometime in the near future a border incident or case of mistaken identity could spark a shooting war between the U.S. and Mexico in which Mexican immigrants would be a subversive fifth column on U.S. soil. During the question period, one audience member suggested that such a war might be a good thing for white America, waking them up to the dire nature of the racial threat. Spencer declined to take issue with this line of reasoning.
Spencer has not limited his bigotry to Mexican immigrants, he has also promoted anti-Semitism. For instance, in 2008 Spencer published a piece on his website entitled, “Speaking the Unspeakable: Is Jew-Controlled Hollywood Brainwashing Americans?” The anti-Semitic rant concludes with a link to “Understanding Jewish Influence” by notorious anti-Semite Kevin MacDonald. Glenn Spencer, “Speaking the Unspeakable: Is Jew-Controlled Hollywood Brainwashing Americans?” American Patrol website, December 23, 2008, http://www.americanpatrol.com/SPENCER-GLENN/081223-JewInf-GS_081223.html. Spencer even had MacDonald on as a guest to his syndicated radio show.
55. David Holthouse, “Minuteman to Tea Party: A Grassroots Rebranding,” Media Maters for America website, May 24, 2011, http://mediamatters.org/blog/201105240028.
56. Devin Burghart, “Anti-Immigrant group Bails on Tea Party Nation Convention,” Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights website, January 26, 2010, https://irehr.org/issue-areas/race-racism-and-white-nationalism/item/272-anti-immigrant-group-bails-on-tea-party-nation-convention.
57. “FAIR in the Field,” FAIRenews.org, June 3, 2010, http://www.fairus.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=23053: “Tax Day Tampa Bay Speakers for April 15th Rally,” Tampa Tea Party Blog, April 15, 2010, http://tampateaparty.tumblr.com/post/521349355/tax-day-tampa-bay-speakers-for-april-15th-rally/.
58. Nebraska Tax Payers for Freedom, “Rally to Restore the Republic,” July 3, 2011, Tea Party event featured FAIR’s Susan Tully. Nebraska Tax Payers for Freedom, “Rally to Restore the Republic,” http://www.netaxpayers.com/, accessed December 1, 2011; Gold Country Patriots, “Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) speaker in our region,” Gold Country Patriots website, July 27, 2011, http://goldcountrypatriots.com/2011/07/27/federation-for-american-immigration-reform-fair-speaker-in-our-region/.
59. “Presentation: January 13, 2011 / Adrian MI, Illegal Immigration in the United States,” Blissfield’s Blog, January 3, 2011, http://blissfield.wordpress.com/2011/01/03/have-you-heard-about-the-9-12-project/, the site advertised Najmulski’s presentation to the Lenawee 9.12 Forum, the Adrian, MI Tea Party group: “Greater Boston Tea Party August Reading Meeting,” Boston Tea Party Meetup website, August 2, 2011, http://www.meetup.com/Boston-Tea-Party/events/26842601/;“Illegal Immigration, what is it costing us? Sanctuary city in Ohio?” Lorain County TEA Party Meetup website, November 12, 2011, http://www.meetup.com/Lorain-County-TEA-Party/events/38276682/.
60. “Peter Gadiel’s Page,” 1776 Tea Party social networking site, August 13, 2010, http://teapartyorg.ning.com/profile/PeterGadiel.
61. Devin Burghart, “Revival and Revolt: Inside the Tea Party Nation Convention,” Institute for Research & Education on Human Rights website, February 11, 2010, https://irehr.orgissue-areas/tea-party-nationalism/tea-party-news-and-analysis/item/286-revival-and-revolt-inside-the-tea-party-nation-convention.
62. Chad MacDonald, “Immigration Headlines at Tax Day Tea Party in Boston and Washington D.C.,” NumbersUSA website, April 17, 2010, http://www.numbersusa.com/content/nusablog/chadaaron/april-17-2010/immigration-headlines-tax-day-tea-party-boston-and-washington-dc.ht.
63. Tea Party Patriots Action Alert noted, “We are working with different groups to help defeat the ‘Dream Act’. Chad MacDonald, with ‘Immigration Action Report’, has been providing us with daily, and sometimes hourly, updates on the “Dream Act”. The Senate will vote on the House version of the ‘Dream Act’ either this weekend or early next week. Please make calls to the targeted Senators, even if you don’t live in their state.” Tea Party Patriots, “Update on Dream Act,” Facebook, December 8, 2010, http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=473717323822; Chad MacDonald “Action Request: Please Call Senators to VOTE NO on the Dream Act,” Arizona Tea Party website, September 16, 2010, http://arizonateaparty.ning.com/profiles/blogs/action-request-please-call.
64. Rick Oltman, “The Immigration Tea Party,” San Francisco Examiner, November 16, 2010, http://www.examiner.com/immigration-in-san-francisco/the-immigration-tea-party. 65. Rick Oltman is listed as a member of the Council of Conservative Citizens (CofCC). Citizens Informer (Spring 1998), 6. He spoke at the 1997 CofCC national conference and once spoke at an Alabama anti-immigrant rally along with CofCC activists and conspiracy theorists Barbara Coe, Glenn Spencer, the notorious Christian Patriot musician Carl Klang, and William Burchfield, a onetime Alabama state leader of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Shortly before taking the job with FAIR, Oltman was reprimanded by his former employer, the Marin Republican Party, for issuing a controversial statement defending the beating of two undocumented immigrants by law enforcement officers; Richard Halstead, “Marin GOP Leader Defends Beating,” Marin Independent Journal (April 5, 1996), A1, 5. “What Were they Thinking?” Marin Independent Journal(April 25, 1996). Oltman began his nativist career in the early 1990s when he founded the anti-immigrant group MIGRA to oppose a San Rafael hiring hall for undocumented workers and was also active on the Proposition 187 campaign.
66. Tea Party Immigration Coalition website, http://teapartyimmigrationcoalition.org/, Accessed December 1, 2011.
67. Interview with Rick Oltman and John Stahl, Voice of the Tea Party radio program, September 11, 2011, http://www.thevoiceoftheteaparty.org/node/32.
68. Ibid; Ann Corcoran, “Philadelphia Tea Party and others form immigration coalition,” Potomac Tea Party Report website, June 8, 2010, http://potomacteapartyreport.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/philadelphia-tea-party-and-others-form-immigration-coalition/.
69. Tim Hrenchir, “’Tea Party’ rally held at Statehouse,” The Topeka Capital-Journal, April 4, 2009, http://cjonline.com/news/local/2009-04-04/tea_party_rally_held_at_statehouse.
70. Scott Rothschild, “Church leaders ask Kansas Legislature to stay out of illegal immigration reform,” Lawrence Journal-World, November 9, 2011, http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2011/nov/09/statehouse-live-church-leaders-ask-kansas-legislat/.
71. 2011’s HB 2006 was a repeal of K.S.A. 76-731a, which grants residency for tuition purposes to certain aliens who are unlawfully present in the United States; Topeka 912, “State Bills We Are Watching,” Topeka 912 website, http://www.topeka912.com/actionalerts.html.
72. Central Kansas Patriot Action Network, Facebook Group, Accessed December 1, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=376272289904&v=wall.
73. Ibid.
74. Patriot Freedom Alliance, “Upcoming Events, Rallies and Special Meetings,” Patriot Freedom Alliance website, http://patriotfreedomalliance.org/UpcomingConservativeEvents.aspx, Accessed December 1, 2011. Other promoters of the event include the South Central Kansas 912 group, the Union of Patriots and FairTaxKC.
75. “Senate Bill 0590,” Indiana General Assembly website, April 29, 2011, http://www.in.gov/apps/lsa/session/billwatch/billinfo?year=2011&request=getBill&docno=590.
76. For examples of Tea Party involvement, see “Action: Stop taxpayer funding College for Illegal Immigrants,” Grant County (Indiana) Tea Party website, April 18, 2011, http://www.wewantamericaback.net/site/?p=1746; The action alert was written by Greg Serbon also of the Indiana Federation for Immigration Reform and Enforcement.
77. “English-language bill advancing despite questions,” Associated Press, January 30, 2011, accessed at http://news.bostonherald.com/news/national/midwest/view.bg?articleid=1313106&format=text.
78. Matt Gouras, “Mixed results for tea party-fueled revolution,” Billings Gazette, April 30, 2011, http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/mixed-results-for-tea-party-fueled-revolution/article_1e202eb4-737f-11e0-bba1-001cc4c03286.html.
79. Nick Wing, “Brian Schweitzer: Montana GOP Bills Make State Party Look ‘Bat-Crap Crazy’,” Huffington Post website, March 24, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/24/brian-schweitzer-montana-gop-bills_n_840072.html.
80. Video, “David Howard on ‘Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death’,” YouTube Video of December 16, 2009 Tea Party Rally, posted December 17, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQEL2BEH7CU&list=UUbHHD1DTDQejdOV1c2ZM6Yw&index=247&feature=plcp; “Billings Tea Party Rally,” YouTube Video, posted April 17, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEUEm3NCrnk.
81. Gaiutra Bahadur, “Nativist Militias Get a Tea Party Makeover,” The Nation, October 28, 2010, http://www.theinvestigativefund.org/investigations/immigrationandlabor/1420/nativist_militias_get_a_tea-party_makeover?page=entire.
82. Tim Donnelly, Stop AB 131 website, Accessed January 1, 2012, http://stopab131.com/.
83. Kevin Yamamura, “Conservative activists propose initiative on illegal immigration,” The Sacramento Bee Capitol Alert blog, October 18, 2011, http://blogs.sacbee.com/capitolalertlatest/2011/10/california-illegal-immigration-ballot-initiative-proposal.html
84. California Secretary of State, “Qualified Statewide Ballot Measures,” California Secretary of State website, Accessed January 9, 2012, http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ballot-measures/qualified-ballot-measures.htm. For full text of the initiative see, http://ag.ca.gov/cms_attachments/initiatives/pdfs/i1008_11-0065_(tax_payer_protection).pdf.
85. Jennifer Donelan, “Maryland Dream Act to go before voters,” ABC 7 News website, July 1, 2011, http://www.wjla.com/articles/2011/07/maryland-dream-act-to-go-before-voters-63117.html : “Tea Party Victory… In Maryland?”, The Graph website, June 6, 2011, http://thegraph.com/2011/06/tea-party-victory-in-maryland/: Sam Hale, “We Did It!: Referendum on Maryland DREAM Act Turns in over 130K Signatures,” Maryland Society of Patriots website, July 1, 2011, http://marylandpatriots.org/we-did-it-referendum-on-maryland-dream-act-turns-in-over-130k-signatures/; Ann Corcoran, “Maryland Dream Act integral to Obama strategy on amnesty; getting the Hispanic vote in 2012,” Potomac Tea Party Report, July 3. 2011, http://potomacteapartyreport.wordpress.com/2011/07/03/maryland-dream-act-integral-to-obama-strategy-on-amnesty-getting-the-hispanic-vote-in-2012/
86. Kerry Lester, “Palatine Tea Party takes aim at Republican Senators supporting DREAM Act,” Daily Herald, May 5, 2011, http://blogs.dailyherald.com/node/5629:“Tea Party Attacks Illinois DREAM Act: Calls Out Republican Senators Who Voted In Favor,” Huffington Post website, May 6, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/06/tea-party-illinois-dream-act_n_858631.html.
87. “The Arkansas Illegal Immigrant Benefits Ban Amendment may appear on the November 8, 2012 ballot in the state of Arkansas as an initiated constitutional amendment. The measure, being spearheaded by the group Secure Arkansas, was gathering signatures for the fall 2010 ballot, but did not collect enough signatures for the ballot. Supporters have stated a desire to make the 2012 ballot. If the measure is sent to the ballot and enacted by voters, it would ban most illegal immigrants from receiving benefits given by the state.” Ballotpedia, “Arkansas Illegal Immigrant Benefits Ban Amendment (2012), Accessed December 1, 2011, http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Arkansas_Illegal_Immigrant_Benefits_Ban_Amendment_(2012)#cite_note-0.
